Introduction to Particle Accelerators and their Limitations

Abstract

The paper gives an overview of the principles of particle accelerators and their historical development. After introducing the basic concepts, the main emphasis is on sketching the layout of modern storage rings and discussing their limitations in terms of energy and machine performance. Examples of existing machines, among them the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, demonstrate the basic principles of and the technical and physical limits that we face in the design and operation of particle colliders. The push for ever higher beam energies motivates the design of future colliders as well as the development of more efficient acceleration techniques.