Observation of Wannier-Stark localization at the surface of BaTiO3 films by photoemission
Abstract
Observation of Bloch oscillations and Wannier-Stark localization of charge carriers is typically impossible in single-crystals, because an electric field higher than the breakdown voltage is required. In BaTiO3 however, high intrinsic electric fields are present due to its ferroelectric properties. With angle-resolved photoemission we directly probe the Wannier-Stark localized surface states of the BaTiO3 film-vacuum interface and show that this effect extends to thin SrTiO3 overlayers. The electrons are found to be localized along the in-plane polarization direction of the BaTiO3 film.
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