Open problem on $\sigma$-invariant

Abstract

Let $G$ be a graph of order $n$ with $m$ edges. Also let $\mu_1\geq \mu_2\geq \cdots\geq \mu_{n-1}\geq \mu_n=0$ be the Laplacian eigenvalues of graph $G$ and let $\sigma=\sigma(G)$ $(1\leq \sigma\leq n)$ be the largest positive integer such that $\mu_{\sigma}\geq \frac{2m}{n}$. In this paper, we prove that $\mu_2(G)\geq \frac{2m}{n}$ for almost all graphs. Moreover, we characterize the extremal graphs for any graphs. Finally, we provide the answer to Problem 3 in \cite{KMT}, that is, the characterization of all graphs with $\sigma=1$.