On the Spectral Resolution of Products of Laplacian Eigenfunctions

Abstract

We study products of eigenfunctions of the Laplacian $-\Delta \phi_{\lambda} = \lambda \phi_{\lambda}$ on compact manifolds. If $\phi_{\mu}, \phi_{\lambda}$ are two eigenfunctions and $\mu \leq \lambda$, then one would perhaps expect their product $\phi_{\mu}\phi_{\lambda}$ to be mostly a linear combination of eigenfunctions with eigenvalue close to $\lambda$. This can faily quite dramatically: on $\mathbb{T}^2$, we see that $$ 2\sin{(n x)} \sin{((n+1) x)} = \cos{(x)} - \cos{( (2n+1) x)} $$ has half of its $L^2-$mass at eigenvalue 1. Conversely, the product $$ \sin{(n x)} \sin{(m y)} \qquad \mbox{lives at eigenvalue} \quad \max{\left\{m^2,n^2\right\}} \leq m^2 + n^2 \leq 2\max{\left\{m^2,n^2\right\}}$$ and the heuristic is valid. We show that the main reason is that in the first example 'the waves point in the same direction': if the heuristic fails and multiplication carries $L^2-$mass to lower frequencies, then $\phi_{\mu}$ and $\phi_{\lambda}$ are strongly correlated at scale $ \sim \lambda^{-1/2}$ (the shorter wavelength) $$ \left\| \int_{M}{ p(t,x,y)( \phi_{\lambda}(y) - \phi_{\lambda}(x))( \phi_{\mu}(y) - \phi_{\mu}(x)) dy} \right\|_{L^2_x} \gtrsim \| \phi_{\mu}\phi_{\lambda}\|_{L^2},$$ where $p(t,x,y)$ is the classical heat kernel and $t \sim \lambda^{-1}$. This turns out to be a fairly fundamental principle and is even valid for the Hadamard product of eigenvectors of a Graph Laplacian.