Incipient Metals: Functional Materials with a Unique Bonding Mechanism

Abstract

While solid-state materials are commonly classified as covalent, ionic, or metallic, there are cases that defy these iconic bonding mechanisms. A prominent example is given by phase-change materials (PCMs) for data storage or photonics, which have recently been argued to show 'resonant' bonding; a clear definition of this mechanism, however, has been lacking until the present day. Here we show that these solids are clearly different from resonant bonding in the pi-orbital systems of benzene and graphene. Instead, they exhibit a unique mechanism between covalent and metallic bonding, which we call 'metavalent' bonding. The materials are on the verge of electron delocalization, which explains their exceptional property portfolio, and we therefore argue that they represent 'incipient metals'. This yields deeper, fundamental insight into the bonding nature of solid-state materials, and is expected to accelerate the discovery and design of new functional materials including PCMs and thermoelectrics.