Quantum spin dynamics of individual neutral impurities coupled to a Bose-Einstein condensate

Abstract

We report on spin dynamics of individual, localized neutral impurities immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Single Cesium atoms are transported into a cloud of Rubidium atoms, thermalize with the bath, and the ensuing spin-exchange between localized impurities with quasi-spin $F_i=3$ and bath atoms with $F_b=1$ is resolved. Comparing our data to numerical simulations of spin dynamics we find that, for gas densities in the BEC regime, the dynamics is dominated by the condensed fraction of the cloud. We spatially resolve the density overlap of impurities and gas by the spin-population of impurities. Finally we trace the coherence of impurities prepared in a coherent superposition of internal states when coupled to a gas of different densities. For our choice of states we show that, despite high bath densities and thus fast thermalization rates, the impurity coherence is not affected by the bath, realizing a regime of sympathetic cooling while maintaining internal state coherence. Our work paves the way toward non-destructive probing of quantum many-body systems via localized impurities.