Formal recursion operators of integrable nonevolutionary equations and Lagrangian systems

Abstract

We derive the general structure of the space of formal recursion operators of nonevolutionary equations~$q_{tt}=f(q,q_{x},q_t,q_{xx},q_{xt},q_{xxx},q_{xxxx})$. This allows us to classify integrable Lagrangian systems with a higher order Lagrangian of the form~$\mathscr{L}=\frac12 L_2(q_{xx}, q_x, q)\,q_t^2 + L_1(q_{xx}, q_x, q)\, q_{t} + L_0(q_{xx}, q_x, q)$. The key technique relays on exploiting a homogeneity of the determining equations of formal recursion operators. This technique allows us to extend the main results to more general equations~$q_{tt}=f(q,q_{x},\ldots,q_{n};q_{t},q_{xt},\ldots,q_{mt})$.