Pairing symmetry and spontaneous vortex-antivortex lattice in superconducting twisted-bilayer graphene: Bogoliubov-de Gennes approach

Abstract

We study the superconducting pairing symmetry in twisted bilayer graphene by solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation for all electrons in moir\'{e} supercells. With increasing the pairing potential, the system evolves from the mixed nontopological $d+id$ and $p+ip$ phase to the $s+p+d$ phase via the first-order phase transition. In the time-reversal symmetry breaking $d+id$ and $p+ip$ phase, vortex and antivortex lattices accompanying spontaneous supercurrent are induced by the twist. The superconducting order parameter is nonuniform in the moir\'{e} unit cell. Nevertheless, the superconducting gap in the local density of states is identical in the unit cell. The twist-induced vortices and nontopological nature of the mixed $d+id$ and $p+ip$ phase are not captured by the existing effective models. Our results suggest the importance of long-range pairing interaction for effective models.