Primes $p \equiv 1 \bmod{d}$ and $a^{(p-1)/d} \equiv 1 \bmod{p}$}

Abstract

Suppose that $d \in \{ 2, 3, 4, 6 \}$ and $a \in \mathbb{Z}$ with $a\neq -1$ and $a$ is not square. Let $P_{(a,d)}$ be the number of primes $p$ not exceeding $x$ such that $p \equiv 1 \pmod{d}$ and $a^{(p-1)/d} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}$. In this paper, we study the mean value of $P_{(a,d)}$.