Constrained-search density functional study of quantum transport in two-dimensional vertical heterostructures

Abstract

Based on a microcanonical picture that maps the steady-state quantum transport process to a drain-to-source excitation, we develop a constrained-search density functional formalism for finite-bias quantum transport calculations. By variationally minimizing the total energy of an electrode-channel-electrode system without introducing separate bulk electrode information, ambiguities in identifying its nonequilibrium electronic structure under a bias is reduced and finite electrode cases can be naturally treated. We apply the approach to vertically stacked van der Waals heterostructures made of a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) channel sandwiched by single-layer graphene electrodes, which so far could not be treated within first-principles calculations. We find that the experimentally observed negative differential resistance originates from the hBN defect-mediated hybridizations between two graphene states, and concurrently obtain a high-bias linear current increase that was not captured in previous semiclassical treatments. Going beyond the capability of existing ab\ initio nonequilibrium quantum transport simulation methods, the developed formalism will provide valuable atomistic information in the development of next-generation nanodevices.