New probe of gravity: strongly lensed gravitational wave multi-messenger approach

Abstract

Strong gravitational lensing by galaxies provides us with a unique opportunity to understand the nature of gravity on galactic and extra-galactic scales. In this paper, we propose a new multimessenger approach using data from both gravitational wave (GW) and the corresponding electromagnetic (EM) counterpart to infer the constraint of the modified gravity (MG) theory denoted by the scale dependent phenomenological parameter. To demonstrate the robustness of this approach, we calculate the time-delay predictions by choosing various values of the phenomenological parameters and then compare them with that from the general relativity (GR). For the third generation ground-based GW observatory, with one typical strongly lensed GW+EM event, and assuming that the dominated error from the stellar velocity dispersions is 5\%, the GW time-delay data can distinguish an 18\% MG effect on a scale of tens of kiloparsecs with a $68\%$ confidence level. Assuming GR and a Singular Isothermal Sphere mass model, there exists a simplified consistency relationship between time-delay and imaging data. This relationship does not require for the velocity dispersion measurement, and hence can avoid major uncertainties. By using this relationship, the multimessenger approach is able to distinguish an $8\%$ MG effect. Our results show that the GW multimessenger approach can play an important role in revealing the nature of gravity on the galactic and extra-galactic scales.