Tuning the Order of the Nonequilibrium Quantum Phase Transition in a Hybrid Atom-Optomechanical System

Abstract

We show that a hybrid atom-optomechanical quantum many-body system with two internal atom states undergoes both first- and second-order nonequilibrium quantum phase transitions. A nanomembrane is placed in a pumped optical cavity, whose outcoupled light forms a lattice for an ultracold Bose gas. By changing the pump strength, the effective membrane-atom coupling can be tuned. Above a critical intensity, a symmetry-broken phase emerges which is characterized by a sizeable occupation of the high-energy internal states and a displaced membrane. The order of this nonequilibrium quantum phase transition can be changed by tuning the transition frequency. For a symmetric coupling, the transition is continuous below a certain transition frequency and discontinuous above. For an asymmetric coupling, a first-order phase transition occurs.