Chiral current-phase relation of topological Josephson junctions: A signature of the $4\pi$-periodic Josephson effect

Abstract

The $4\pi$-periodic Josephson effect is an indicator of Majorana zero modes and a ground-state degeneracy which are central to topological quantum computation. However, the observability of a $4\pi$-periodic Josephson current-phase relation (CPR) is hindered by the necessity to fix the fermionic parity. As an alternative to a $4\pi$-periodic CPR, this paper proposes a chiral CPR for the $4\pi$-periodic Josephson effect. This is a CPR of the form $J(\phi) \propto C \, |\sin(\phi/2)|$, describing a unidirectional supercurrent with the chirality $C= \pm 1$. Its non-analytic dependence on the Josephson phase difference $\phi$ translates into the $4\pi$-periodic CPR $J(\phi) \propto \sin(\phi/2)$. The proposal requires a spin-polarized topological Josephson junction which is modeled here as a short link between spin-split superconducting channels at the edge of a two-dimensional topological insulator. In this case, $C$ coincides with the Chern number of the occupied spin band of the topological insulator. The paper details three scenarios of achieving a chiral CPR: By only Zeeman-like splitting, by Zeeman splitting combined with bias currents, and by an external out-of-plane magnetic field.