Conserved quantities in parity-time symmetric systems

Abstract

Conserved quantities such as energy or the electric charge of a closed system, or the Runge-Lenz vector in Kepler dynamics are determined by its global, local, or accidental symmetries. They were instrumental to advances such as the prediction of neutrinos in the (inverse) beta decay process and the development of self-consistent approximate methods for isolated or thermal many-body systems. In contrast, little is known about conservation laws and their consequences in open systems. Recently, a special class of these systems, called parity-time ($\mathcal{PT}$) symmetric systems, has been intensely explored for their remarkable properties that are absent in their closed counterparts. A complete characterization and observation of conserved quantities in these systems and their consequences is still lacking. Here we present a complete set of conserved observables for a broad class of $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric Hamiltonians and experimentally demonstrate their properties using single-photon linear optical circuit. By simulating the dynamics of a four-site system across a fourth-order exceptional point, we measure its four conserved quantities and demonstrate their consequences. Our results spell out non-local conservation laws in non-unitary dynamics and provide key elements that will underpin self-consistent analysis of non-Hermitian quantum many-body systems that are forthcoming.