Four electron spin qubits with exchange interaction

Abstract

Four electron spin qubits in quantum dots are studied by means of an exchange interaction Hamiltonian. The time-independent Schr\"odinger equation is exactly analytically solved for the symmetric case, that is equal qubit frequencies and equal couplings. The spin system can be used as two data-qubits and two ancillas, thereby realizing a $X$ and $Z$ stabilizing circuit exploited in error correction and surface codes. The unitary evolution of corresponding stable states is calculated and consequences for error syndromes and fidelities are assessed. It is also shown that applying the evolution operator for a prescribed duration and subsequent measurement of the ancillas lead to a `verifiable' two-qubit phase gate.