Evaluating the Holevo Cram\'er-Rao bound for multi-parameter quantum metrology

Abstract

Only with the simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters are the quantum aspects of metrology fully revealed. This is due to the incompatibility of observables. The fundamental bound for multi-parameter quantum estimation is the Holevo Cram\'er-Rao bound (HCRB) whose evaluation has so far remained elusive. For finite-dimensional systems we recast its evaluation as a semidefinite program, with reduced size for rank-deficient states. We use this result to study phase and loss estimation in optical interferometry and three-dimensional magnetometry with noisy multi-qubit systems. For the former, we show that, in some regimes, it is possible to attain the HCRB with the optimal (single-copy) measurement for phase estimation. For the latter, we show a non-trivial interplay between the HCRB and incompatibility, and provide numerical evidence that projective single-copy measurements attain the HCRB in the noiseless two-qubit case.