Hubble constants and luminosity distance in the renormalized cosmological models due to general-relativistic second-order perturbations

Abstract

Renormalized cosmological models based on the general-relativistic second-order perturbation theory were proposed in the previous papers to solve a tension on the observed Hubble constants. The cosmological random adiabatic fluctuations were found to play an important role as the first-order perturbations. The second-order metric perturbations in a previous paper are revised in the present paper. It is shown as a result that two types of Hubble constants (the kinematic constant H_kin and the dynamic constant H_dyn) are derived, and their values are found to be comparable, and larger than the background value. The optical quantities such as redshift and luminosity distance are derived using the revised metric perturbations.