Using Markov chains to determine expected propagation time for probabilistic zero forcing

Abstract

Zero forcing is a coloring game played on a graph where each vertex is initially colored blue or white and the goal is to color all the vertices blue by repeated use of a (deterministic) color change rule starting with as few blue vertices as possible. Probabilistic zero forcing yields a discrete dynamical system governed by a Markov chain. Since in a connected graph any one vertex can eventually color the entire graph blue using probabilistic zero forcing, the expected time to do this studied. Given a Markov transition matrix for a probabilistic zero forcing process, we establish an exact formula for expected propagation time. We apply Markov chains to determine bounds on expected propagation time for various families of graphs.