Multi-Layer Restricted Boltzmann Machine Representation of 1D Quantum Many-Body Wave Functions

Abstract

We consider representing two classes of 1D quantum wave functions of spin systems, including the AKLT and CFT correlator wave functions, in terms of multi-layer restricted Boltzmann machines. In our prescription, the AKLT wave function can be exactly represented by a 2-layer restricted Boltzmann machine with five hidden spins per visible spin. The construction can be generalized to prove that any MPS wave function on $N$ unit cells with finite bond dimension can be approximated by a 2-layer restricted Boltzmann machine with $\mathcal{O}(N)$ hidden spins within an error which scales linearly with $N$. The Haldane-Shastry wave function or a chiral boson CFT correlator wave function, as any Jastrow type of wave functions, can be exactly written as a 1-layer Boltzmann machine with $\mathcal{O}(N^2)$ hidden spins and $N$ visible spins. Applying the cumulant expansion, we further find that the chiral boson CFT correlator wave function (with small vertex operator conformal dimension $\alpha$, i.e., $\alpha<0.1$) can be approximated, within 99.9\% accuracy up to 22 visible spins, by a 1-layer RBM with $\mathcal{O}(N)$ hidden spins. The cumulant expansion also leads us to a physically inspiring result in which the hidden spins of the restricted Boltzmann machine can be interpreted as the conformal tower of the chiral boson CFT on the cylinder.