Ultra-Efficient Conversion of Microwave into Ultrasound Wave through a Split Ring Resonator

Abstract

Thermo-elastic conversion of electromagnetic wave into ultrasound wave has enabled diverse biomedical applications such as photoacoustic imaging. Microwave, which has ~10 cm long wavelength, can penetrate deeper into tissue than photons, heralding exciting applications such as deep tissue imaging via thermo-acoustic tomography. However, the thermo-acoustic conversion efficiency is very low even with an exogenous contrast agent such as carbon nanotube. Here, we break this low conversion limit through using a split ring resonator (SRR) to effectively collect and concentrate the microwave energy into a sub-millimeter hot spot and subsequently convert the energy into ultrasound wave. Our SRR achieves over three orders of magnitude higher thermo-acoustic conversion efficiency than commonly used thermo-acoustic contrast agents. We further harness the SRR as a wireless, battery-free ultrasound emitter placed under a breast phantom. These results promise exciting potential of SRR for precise thermo-acoustic localization and modulation of subjects in deep tissue.