On existence of perfect bitrades in Hamming graphs

Abstract

A pair $(T_0,T_1)$ of disjoint sets of vertices of a graph $G$ is called a perfect bitrade in $G$ if any ball of radius 1 in $G$ contains exactly one vertex in $T_0$ and $T_1$ or none simultaneously. The volume of a perfect bitrade $(T_0,T_1)$ is the size of $T_0$. In particular, if $C_0$ and $C_1$ are distinct perfect codes with minimum distance $3$ in $G$ then $(C_0\setminus C_1,C_1\setminus C_0)$ is a perfect bitrade. For any $q\geq 3$, $r\geq 1$ we construct perfect bitrades in the Hamming graph $H(qr+1,q)$ of volume $(q!)^r$ and show that for $r=1$ their volume is minimum.