High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: II. Galaxy line and continuum spectral indices and dust attenuation curves

Abstract

We present predictions for high redshift ($z=2-10$) galaxy populations based on the IllustrisTNG simulation suite and a full Monte Carlo dust radiative transfer post-processing. Specifically, we discuss the ${\rm H}_{\alpha}$ and ${\rm H}_{\beta}$ + $[\rm O \,III]$ luminosity functions up to $z=8$. The predicted ${\rm H}_{\beta}$ + $[\rm O \,III]$ luminosity functions are consistent with present observations at $z\lesssim 3$ with $\lesssim 0.1\,{\rm dex}$ differences in luminosities. However, the predicted ${\rm H}_{\alpha}$ luminosity function is $\sim 0.3\,{\rm dex}$ dimmer than the observed one at $z\simeq 2$. Furthermore, we explore continuum spectral indices, the Balmer break at $4000$\AA (D4000) and the UV continuum slope $\beta$. The median D4000 versus sSFR relation predicted at $z=2$ is in agreement with the local calibration despite a different distribution pattern of galaxies in this plane. In addition, we reproduce the observed $A_{\rm UV}$ versus $\beta$ relation and explore its dependence on galaxy stellar mass, providing an explanation for the observed complexity of this relation. We also find a deficiency in heavily attenuated, UV red galaxies in the simulations. Finally, we provide predictions for the dust attenuation curves of galaxies at $z=2-6$ and investigate their dependence on galaxy colors and stellar masses. The attenuation curves are steeper in galaxies at higher redshifts, with bluer colors, or with lower stellar masses. We attribute these predicted trends to dust geometry. Overall, our results are consistent with present observations of high redshift galaxies. Future JWST observations will further test these predictions.