A unipotent circle action on $p$-adic modular forms

Abstract

Following a suggestion of Peter Scholze, we construct an action of $\hat{\mathbb{G}}_m$ on the Katz moduli problem, a profinite-\'{e}tale cover of the ordinary locus of the $p$-adic modular curve whose ring of functions is Serre's space of $p$-adic modular functions. This action is a local, $p$-adic analog of a global, archimedean action of the circle group $S^1$ on the lattice-unstable locus of the modular curve over $\mathbb{C}$. To construct the $\hat{\mathbb{G}}_m$-action, we descend a moduli-theoretic action of a larger group on the (big) ordinary Igusa variety of Caraiani-Scholze. We compute the action explicitly on local expansions and find it is given by a simple multiplication of the cuspidal and Serre-Tate coordinates $q$; along the way we also prove a natural generalization of Dwork's equation $\tau=\log q$ for extensions of $\mathbb{Q}_p/\mathbb{Z}_p$ by $\mu_{p^\infty}$ valid over a non-Artinian base. Finally, we give a direct argument (without appealing to local expansions) to show that the action of $\hat{\mathbb{G}}_m$ integrates the differential operator $\theta$ coming from the Gauss-Manin connection and unit root splitting, and explain an application to Eisenstein measures and $p$-adic $L$-functions.