Enhanced water affinity of histidine by transition metal ions

Abstract

Transitional metal ions widely exist in biological environments and are crucial to many life-sustaining physiological processes. Recently, transition metal ion such as Cu$^{2+}$, Zn$^{2+}$, Ni$^{2+}$, have been shown can increase the solubilities of aromatic biomolecules. Comparing with Cu$^{2+}$, Zn$^{2+}$ shows less enhancement to the solubilities of biomolecules such as tryptophan (Trp). On the other hand, Zn$^{2+}$ has a higher concentration in human blood plasma and appears in protein the most among transition metal ions, clarifying whether Zn$^{2+}$ can enhance the solubilities of other aromatic amino acids is significantly important. Herein, we observed that the solubility of aromatic amino acid histidine (His) is greatly enhanced in ZnCl$_2$ solution. Based on first principle calculations, this enhancement of solubility is attributed to cation-$\pi$ interaction between His and Zn$^{2+}$. Our results here are of great importance for the bioavailability of aromatic drugs and provide new insights for the understanding of physiological functions of Zn$^{2+}$.