Spontaneous symmetry breaking and Husimi Q-functions in extended Dicke model

Abstract

We study the emergence of a parity breaking coherent photonic state of a photon mode coupled to finite array of two-level systems, represented by pseudospins 1/2. The pseudospin-photon interaction is realised via a shift of the photonic oscillator equilibrium position by an amount linear in Cartesian component of the total pseudospin. We demonstrate analytically, that the instability is manifested in an upturn from concave to convex of the ground state energy dependence on the total pseudospin component coupled to the photons. The perturbation, sufficient for parity breaking, tends to zero in the ultrastrong limit of light-matter coupling. We present phase diagram of finite pseudospin-photon system, that demonstrates this feature. Evolution of Husimi Q-functions of the pseudospin and photon subsystems, and of the pseudospin entropy, along different trajectories across the phase diagram is presented.