Gaussian unitary ensemble with two jump discontinuities, PDEs and the coupled Painlev\'e II and IV systems
Abstract
We consider the Hankel determinant generated by the Gaussian weight with two jump discontinuities. Utilizing the results of [C. Min and Y. Chen, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 42 (2019), 301--321] where a second order PDE was deduced for the log derivative of the Hankel determinant by using the ladder operators adapted to orthogonal polynomials, we derive the coupled Painlev\'e IV system which was established in [X. Wu and S. Xu, arXiv: 2002.11240v2] by a study of the Riemann-Hilbert problem for orthogonal polynomials. Under double scaling, we show that, as n→∞, the log derivative of the Hankel determinant in the scaled variables tends to the Hamiltonian of a coupled Painlev\'e II system and it satisfies a second order PDE. In addition, we obtain the asymptotics for the recurrence coefficients of orthogonal polynomials, which are connected with the solutions of the coupled Painlev\'e II system.