Marcus-Hush-Chidsey Kinetics at Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces
Abstract
Electrochemical kinetics at electrode-electrolyte interfaces limit performance of devices including fuel cells and batteries. While the importance of moving beyond Butler-Volmer kinetics and incorporating the effect of electronic density of states of the electrode have been recognized, a unified framework that incorporates these aspects directly into electrochemical performance models is still lacking. In this work, we explicitly account for the DFT-calculated density of states numerically in calculating electrochemical reaction rates for a variety of electrode-electrolyte interfaces. We first show the utility of this for two cases related to Li metal electrodeposition and stripping on a Li surface and a Cu surface (anode-free configuration). The deviation in reaction rates is minor for cases with flat densities of states such as Li, but is significant for Cu due to nondispersive d-bands creating large variation. Finally, we consider a semiconducting case of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) consisting of LiF and Li2CO3 and note the importance of the Fermi level at the interface, pinned by the redox reaction occuring there. We identify the asymmetry in reaction rates as a function of discharge/charge naturally within this approach. The analysis code used in this work is available open-source on Github.