Quantum Distributions for the Electromagnetic Field

Abstract

The coherence properties of the classical waves are discussed in terms of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation, and of a discrete representation by an ensemble of Hamiltonian systems. Wave quanta are related to specific "action fields", and phase-space distributions of phonons and photons are obtained by Wigner transform. For photons in a thermal environment, the proposed Wigner function evolves towards the Planck equilibrium distribution. It is shown that the free electromagnetic field can also be found in states of definite helicity, described by a complex vector potential.