Spectroscopic fingerprints of gapped quantum spin liquids, both conventional and fractonic

Abstract

We explain how gapped quantum spin liquids, both conventional and 'fractonic', may be unambiguously diagnosed experimentally using the technique of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy. 'Conventional' gapped quantum spin liquids (e.g. $Z_2$ spin liquid) do not have clear signatures in linear response, but do have clear fingerprints in non-linear response, accessible through the already existing experimental technique of two dimensional coherent spectroscopy. Type I fracton phases (e.g. X-cube) are (surprisingly) even easier to distinguish, with strongly suggestive features even in linear response, and unambiguous signatures in non-linear response. Type II fracton systems, like Haah's code, are most subtle, and may require consideration of high order non-linear response for unambiguous diagnosis.