A combined analysis of the $H_0$ late time direct measurements and the impact on the Dark Energy sector

Abstract

We combine 23 Hubble constant measurements based on Cepheids-SN Ia, TRGB-SN Ia, Miras-SN Ia, Masers, Tully Fisher, Surface Brightness Fluctuations, SN II, Time-delay Lensing, Standard Sirens and $\gamma$-ray Attenuation, obtaining our best {\it optimistic} $H_0$ estimate, that is $H_0=72.94\pm0.75$ km/s/Mpc at 68\% CL. This is in $5.9\sigma$ tension with the $\Lambda$CDM model, therefore we evaluate its impact on the extended Dark Energy cosmological models that can alleviate the tension. We find more than $4.9\sigma$ evidence for a phantom Dark Energy equation of state in the $w$CDM scenario, the cosmological constant ruled out at more than $3\sigma$ in a $w_0w_a$CDM model and more than $5.7\sigma$ evidence for a coupling between Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the IDE scenario. Finally, we check the robustness of our results, and we quote two additional combinations of the Hubble constant. The {\it ultra-conservative} estimate, $H_0=72.7\pm 1.1$ km/s/Mpc at 68\% CL, is obtained removing the Cepheids-SN Ia and the Time-Delay Lensing based measurements, and confirms the evidence for new physics.