An Inverse Theorem for Certain Directional Gowers Uniformity Norms

Abstract

Let $G$ be a finite-dimensional vector space over a prime field $\mathbb{F}_p$ with some subspaces $H_1, \dots, H_k$. Let $f \colon G \to \mathbb{C}$ be a function. Generalizing the notion of Gowers uniformity norms, Austin introduced directional Gowers uniformity norms of $f$ over $(H_1, \dots, H_k)$ as \[\|f\|_{\mathsf{U}(H_1, \dots, H_k)}^{2^k} = \mathbb{E}_{x \in G,h_1 \in H_1, \dots, h_k \in H_k} \partial_{h_1} \dots \partial_{h_k} f(x)\] where $\partial_u f(x) \colon= f(x + u) \overline{f(x)}$ is the discrete multiplicative derivative. Suppose that $G$ is a direct sum of subspaces $G = U_1 \oplus U_2 \oplus \dots \oplus U_k$. In this paper we prove the inverse theorem for the norm \[\|\cdot\|_{\mathsf{U}(U_1, \dots, U_k, \smash[b]{\underbrace{{\scriptstyle G, \dots, G}}_{{\scriptscriptstyle \ell}}})},\] which is the simplest interesting unknown case of the inverse problem for the directional Gowers uniformity norms. Namely, writing $\|\cdot\|_{\mathsf{U}}$ for the norm above, we show that if $f \colon G \to \mathbb{C}$ is a function bounded by 1 in magnitude and obeying $\|f\|_{\mathsf{U}} \geq c$, provided $\ell < p$, one can find a polynomial $\alpha \colon G \to \mathbb{F}_p$ of degree at most $k + \ell - 1$ and functions $g_i \colon \oplus_{j \in [k] \setminus \{i\}} G_j \to \{z \in \mathbb{C} \colon |z| \leq 1\}$ for $i \in [k]$ such that \[\Big|\mathbb{E}_{x \in G} f(x) \omega^{\alpha(x)} \prod_{i \in [k]} g_i(x_1, \dots, x_{i-1}, x_{i+1}, \dots, x_k)\Big| \geq \Big(\exp^{(O_{p,k,\ell}(1))}(O_{p,k,\ell}(c^{-1}))\Big)^{-1}.\] The proof relies on an approximation theorem for the cuboid-counting function that is proved using the inverse theorem for Freiman multi-homomorphisms.