Iterated star-triangle transformation on inhomogeneous 2D Ising lattices

Abstract

We consider infinite or periodic 2D triangular Ising lattices with arbitrary positive or negative nearest-neighbor couplings $K_i(\vec{r})$, where $\vec{r}$ and $i$ indicate the bond position and orientation, respectively. Iterative application of the star-triangle transformation to an initial lattice $\mathcal{T}(0)$ with a set of couplings $\{K_i^{(0)}(\vec{r})\}$ generates a sequence of lattices $\mathcal{T}(n)$, for $n=1,2,\ldots,$ with couplings $\{K_i^{(n)}(\vec{r})\}$. When $\mathcal{T}(0)$ includes sufficiently strongly frustrated plaquettes, complex couplings will appear. We show that, nevertheless, the variables $1/\sinh 2K_i^{(n)}\!(\vec{r})$ remain confined to the union ${\mathbb{R}} \cup \rm{i}{\mathbb{R}}$ of the real and the imaginary axis. The same holds for a lattice with free boundaries, provided we distinguish between "receding" and "advancing" boundaries, the latter having degrees of freedom that must be fixed by an appropriately chosen protocol. This study establishes a framework for future analytic and numerical work on such frustrated Ising lattices.