Two-atom van-der-Waals forces with one atom excited: the identical atoms limit I

Abstract

We compute the conservative van-der-Waals forces between two atoms, one of which is initially excited, in the limit of identical atoms. Starting with the perturbative calculation of the interaction between two dissimilar atoms, we show that a time-dependent approach in the weak-interaction approximation is essential in considering the identical atoms limit in the perturbative regime. In this limit we find that, at leading order, the van-der-Waals forces are fully-resonant and grow linearly in time, being different upon each atom. The resultant net force upon the two-atom system is related to the directionality of spontaneous emission, which results from the violation of parity symmetry. In contrast to the usual stationary van-der-Waals forces, the time-dependent conservative forces cannot be written as the gradients of the expectation values of the interaction potentials, but as the expectation values of the gradients of the interaction potentials only.