Multilevel quantum thermodynamic swap engines

Abstract

We study energetic exchanges and fluctuations in two-stroke quantum thermodynamic engines where the working fluid is represented by two multilevel quantum systems, i.e. qudits, the heat flow is allowed by relaxation with two thermal reservoirs at different temperatures, and the work exchange is operated by a partial-swap unitary interaction. We identify three regimes of operation (heat engine, refrigerator, and thermal accelerator), present the thermodynamic uncertainty relations between the entropy production and the signal-to-noise ratio of work and heat, and derive the full joint probability of the stochastic work and heat. Our results bridge the gap between two-qubit and two-mode bosonic swap engines, and show which properties are maintained (e.g., a non fluctuating Otto efficiency) and which are lost for increasing dimension (e.g., small violations of the standard thermodynamic uncertainty relations or the possibility of beating the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency).