Gauge invariance in phase-gradient metagratings

Abstract

Phase gradient metagratings/metasurfaces (PGMs) have provided a new paradigm for light manipulations. In this work, we will show the existence of gauge invariance in PGMs, i.e., the diffraction law of PGMs is independent of the choice of initial value of abrupt phase shift that induces the phase gradient. This gauge invariance ensures the well-studied ordinary metallic grating that can be regarded as a PGM, with its diffraction properties that can fully predicted by generalized diffraction law with phase gradient. The generalized diffraction law presents a new insight for the famous effect of Wood's Anomalies and Rayleigh conjecture.