Mapping the cosmic expansion history from LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA in synergy with DESI and SPHEREx

Abstract

The measurement of the expansion history of the Universe from the redshift unknown gravitational wave (GW) sources (dark GW sources) detectable from the network of \texttt{LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA} (\texttt{LVK}) detectors depends on the synergy with the galaxy surveys having accurate redshift measurements over a broad redshift range, large sky coverage, and detectability of fainter galaxies. In this work, we explore the possible synergy of the LVK with the spectroscopic galaxy surveys such as \texttt{DESI} and \texttt{SPHEREx} to measure the cosmological parameters which are related to the cosmic expansion history and the GW bias parameters. We show that by using the three-dimensional spatial cross-correlation between the dark GW sources and the spectroscopic galaxy samples, we can measure the value of Hubble constant with about $2\%$ and $1.5\%$ precision from \texttt{LVK+DESI} and \texttt{LVK+SPHEREx} respectively within the five years of observation time with $50\%$ duty-cycle. Similarly, the dark energy equation of state can be measured with about $10\%$ and $8\%$ precision from \texttt{LVK+DESI} and \texttt{LVK+SPHEREx} respectively. We find that due to the large sky coverage of \texttt{SPHEREx} than \texttt{DESI}, performance in constraining the cosmological parameters is better from the former than the latter. By combining \texttt{Euclid} along with \texttt{DESI} and \texttt{SPHEREx}, a marginal gain in the measurability of the cosmological parameters is possible from the sources at high redshift ($z\geq 0.9$).