Distribution of values of Gaussian hypergeometric functions

Abstract

In the 1980's, Greene defined {\it hypergeometric functions over finite fields} using Jacobi sums. The framework of his theory establishes that these functions possess many properties that are analogous to those of the classical hypergeometric series studied by Gauss and Kummer. These functions have played important roles in the study of Ap\'ery-style supercongruences, the Eichler-Selberg trace formula, Galois representations, and zeta-functions of arithmetic varieties. We study the value distribution (over large finite fields) of natural families of these functions. For the $_2F_1$ functions, the limiting distribution is semicircular (i.e. $SU(2)$), whereas the distribution for the $_3F_2$ functions is the {\it Batman} distribution for the traces of the real orthogonal group $O_3$.