Melting of three-sublattice order in triangular lattice Ising antiferromagnets: Power-law order, $Z_6$ parafermionic multicriticality, and weakly first order transitions

Abstract

The nature of the thermal melting process by which triangular-lattice Ising antiferromagnets lose their low-temperature ferrimagnetic three-sublattice order depends on the range of the interactions: It changes character when second and third neighbour ferromagnetic interactions become comparable to the nearest-neighbour antiferromagnetic coupling. We present a detailed numerical characterization of the corresponding threshold at which two-step melting of three-sublattice order gives way to a direct first-order transition at which this order is lost. The multicritical behaviour at this threshold is argued to be in the universality class of the $Z_6$ parafermion conformal field theory with central charge $c=5/4$. The presence of this multicritical threshold influences the melting behaviour and long-wavelength properties over a fairly large range of parameters, and at temperatures that are of the same order as the exchange interactions. It is therefore of potential experimental relevance in the context of easy-axis triangular lattice antiferromagnets that display such low temperature ordering.