The Dean-Kawasaki equation and the structure of density fluctuations in systems of diffusing particles

Abstract

The Dean-Kawasaki equation - a strongly singular SPDE - is a basic equation of fluctuating hydrodynamics; it has been proposed in the physics literature to describe the fluctuations of the density of $N$ independent diffusing particles in the regime of large particle numbers $N\gg 1$. The singular nature of the Dean-Kawasaki equation presents a substantial challenge for both its analysis and its rigorous mathematical justification. Besides being non-renormalisable by the theory of regularity structures by Hairer et al., it has recently been shown to not even admit nontrivial martingale solutions. In the present work, we give a rigorous and fully quantitative justification of the Dean-Kawasaki equation by considering the natural regularisation provided by standard numerical discretisations: We show that structure-preserving discretisations of the Dean-Kawasaki equation may approximate the density fluctuations of $N$ non-interacting diffusing particles to arbitrary order in $N^{-1}$ (in suitable weak metrics). In other words, the Dean-Kawasaki equation may be interpreted as a "recipe" for accurate and efficient numerical simulations of the density fluctuations of independent diffusing particles.