Freeness of Sch\"utzenberger groups of primitive substitutions

Abstract

Our main goal is to study the freeness of Sch\"utzenberger groups defined by primitive substitutions. Our findings include a simple freeness test for these groups, which is applied to exhibit a primitive invertible substitution with corresponding non-free Sch\"utzenberger group. This constitutes a counterexample to a result of Almeida dating back to 2005. We also give some early results concerning relative freeness of Sch\"utzenberger groups, a question which remains largely unexplored.