Symmetries in generalized Kaprekar routine

Abstract

Algebraic relations are established that determine the invariance of the transformed number after several transformations. The restrictions that determine the group structure of these relationships are analyzed, as is the case of the Klein group. Parametric Kr functions associated with the existence of cycles are presented, as well as the role of the number of their links in the grouping of numbers in higher order equivalence classes. For this we have developed a methodology based on binary equivalence relations and the complete parameterization of the Kaprekar routine using Ki functions of parametric transformation.