Probing the Gardner transition in an active quasi-thermal pressure-controlled granular system

Abstract

To experimentally search for signals of the Gardner transition, an active quasi-thermal granular glass is constructed using a monolayer of air-fluidized star-shaped granular particles. The pressure of the system is controlled by adjusting the tension exerted on an enclosing boundary. Velocity distributions of the internal particles and the scaling of the pressure, density, effective-temperature, and relaxation time are examined, demonstrating that the system has important features of a thermal system. Using a pressure-based quenching protocol that brings the system into deeper glassy states, signals of the Gardner transition are detected via cage size and separation order parameters for both particle positions and orientations, offering experimental evidence of the Gardner transition for a system with in low spatial dimensions that is quasi-thermal.