New Constraints on Protoplanetary Disk Gas Masses in Lupus
Abstract
Gas mass is a fundamental quantity of protoplanetary disks that directly relates to their ability to form planets. Because we are unable to observe the bulk H2 content of disks directly, we rely on indirect tracers to provide quantitative mass estimates. Current estimates for the gas masses of the observed disk population in the Lupus star-forming region are based on measurements of isotopologues of CO. However, without additional constraints, the degeneracy between H2 mass and the elemental composition of the gas leads to large uncertainties in such estimates. Here we explore the gas compositions of seven disks from the Lupus sample representing a range of CO-to-dust ratios. With Band 6 and 7 ALMA observations, we measure line emission for HCO+, HCN, and N2H+. We find a tentative correlation among the line fluxes for these three molecular species across the sample, but no correlation with 13CO or sub-mm continuum fluxes. For the three disks where N2H+ is detected, we find that a combination of high disk gas masses and sub-interstellar C/H and O/H are needed to reproduce the observed values. We find increases of 10-100× previous mass estimates are required to match the observed line fluxes. This study highlights how multi-molecular studies are essential for constraining the physical and chemical properties of the gas in populations of protoplanetary disks and that CO isotopologues alone are not sufficient for determining the mass of many observed disks.