SIN, COS, EXP and LOG of Liouville numbers

Abstract

For any Liouville number $\alpha$, all of the following are transcendental numbers: $\textrm{e}^\alpha$, $\log_\textrm{e}\alpha$, $\sin \alpha$, $\cos\alpha$, $\tan\alpha$, $\sinh\alpha$, $\cosh\alpha$, $\tanh\alpha$, $\arcsin\alpha$ and the inverse functions evaluated at $\alpha$ of the listed trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, noting that wherever multiple values are involved, every such value is transcendental. This remains true if "Liouville number" is replaced by "$U$-number", where $U$ is one of Mahler's classes of transcendental numbers.