Messenger Monte-Carlo MAPPINGS V (M3) -- A self-consistent three-dimensional photoionization code
Abstract
The Messenger Interface Monte-Carlo Mappings V (M3) is a photoionization code adopting the fully self-consistent Monte-Carlo radiative transfer technique, which presents a major advance over previous photoionization models with simple geometries. M3 is designed for modeling nebulae in arbitrary three-dimensional geometries. In this paper, we describe the Monte-Carlo radiative transfer technique and the microphysics implemented in M3, including the photoionization, collisional ionization, the free-free and free-bound recombination, and two-photon radiation. We put M3 through the Lexington/Meudon benchmarks to test the reliability of the new code. We apply M3 to three HII region models with fiducial geometries, demonstrating that M3 is capable of dealing with nebulae with complex geometries. M3 is a promising tool for understanding emission-line behavior in the era of SDSS-V/LVM and JWST, which will provide high-quality data of spatially-resolved nearby HII regions and highly turbulent local and high-redshift HII regions.
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