Self-embeddings of models of arithmetic; fixed points, small submodels, and extendability

Abstract

In this paper we will show that for every cut $ I $ of any countable nonstandard model $ \mathcal{M} $ of $ \mathrm{I}\Sigma_{1} $, each $ I $-small $ \Sigma_{1} $-elementary submodel of $ \mathcal{M}$ is of the form of the set of fixed points of some proper initial self-embedding of $ \mathcal{M} $ iff $ I $ is a strong cut of $ \mathcal{M} $. Especially, this feature will provide us with some equivalent conditions with the strongness of the standard cut in a given countable model $ \mathcal{M} $ of $ \mathrm{I}\Sigma_{1} $. In addition, we will find some criteria for extendability of initial self-embeddings of countable nonstandard models of $ \mathrm{I}\Sigma_{1} $ to larger models.