A direct measurement of the distance to the Galactic center using the kinematics of bar stars

Abstract

The distance to the Galactic center $R_0$ is a fundamental parameter for understanding the Milky Way, because all observations of our Galaxy are made from our heliocentric reference point. The uncertainty in $R_0$ limits our knowledge of many aspects of the Milky Way, including its total mass and the relative mass of its major components, and any orbital parameters of stars employed in chemo-dynamical analyses. While measurements of $R_0$ have been improving over a century, measurements in the past few years from a variety of methods still find a wide range of $R_0$ being somewhere within $8.0$ to $8.5\,\mathrm{kpc}$. The most precise measurements to date have to assume that Sgr A$^*$ is at rest at the Galactic center, which may not be the case. In this paper, we use maps of the kinematics of stars in the Galactic bar derived from APOGEE DR17 and Gaia EDR3 data augmented with spectro-photometric distances from the \texttt{astroNN} neural-network method. These maps clearly display the minimum in the rotational velocity $v_T$ and the quadrupolar signature in radial velocity $v_R$ expected for stars orbiting in a bar. From the minimum in $v_T$, we measure $R_0 = 8.23 \pm 0.12\,\mathrm{kpc}$. We validate our measurement using realistic $N$-body simulations of the Milky Way. We further measure the pattern speed of the bar to be $\Omega_\mathrm{bar} = 40.08\pm1.78\,\mathrm{km\,s}^{-1}\mathrm{kpc}^{-1}$. Because the bar forms out of the disk, its center is manifestly the barycenter of the bar+disc system and our measurement is therefore the most robust and accurate measurement of $R_0$ to date.