Sparse interferometry for measuring multiphoton collective phase

Abstract

A multiphoton collective phase is a multiphoton-scattering feature that cannot be reduced to a sequence of two-photon scattering events, and the three-photon "triad phas" is the smallest nontrivial example. Observing a higher-order collective phase is experimentally challenging, and only triad and four-photon tetrad collective phases have been observed. We introduce a scheme to make higher-order multiphoton collective-phase observations feasible by designing a sparse interferometer, which significantly reduces complexity compared with the current best scheme for observing a multiphoton collective phase. Specifically, our scheme reduces the optical depth from logarithmic to constant and reduces the number of beam splitters from $O(n\log n)$ to linear scaling with respect to the collective-phase order $n$. As constant depth reduces loss and dispersion to a fixed rate regardless of collective-phase order, a major obstacle to observing large-scale collective phases is removed.