Variational Quantum Eigensolver Ansatz for the $J_1$-$J_2$-model

Abstract

The ground state properties of the two-dimensional $J_1-J_2$-model are very challenging to analyze via classical numerical methods due to the high level of frustration. This makes the model a promising candidate where quantum computers could be helpful and possibly explore regimes that classical computers cannot reach. The $J_1-J_2$-model is a quantum spin model composed of Heisenberg interactions along the rectangular lattice edges and along diagonal edges between next-nearest neighbor spins. We propose an ansatz for the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) to approximate the ground state of an antiferromagnetic $J_1-J_2$-Hamiltonian for different lattice sizes and different ratios of $J_1$ and $J_2$. Moreover, we demonstrate that this ansatz can work without the need for gates along the diagonal next-nearest neighbor interactions. This simplification is of great importance for solid state based hardware with qubits on a rectangular grid, where it eliminates the need for SWAP gates. In addition, we provide an extrapolation for the number of gates and parameters needed for larger lattice sizes, showing that these are expected to grow less than quadratically in the qubit number up to lattice sizes which eventually can no longer be treated with classical computers.