SN 2019zrk, a bright SN 2009ip analog with a precursor

Abstract

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type IIn supernova SN 2019zrk (also known as ZTF20aacbyec). The SN shows a $\gtrsim$ 100 day precursor, with a slow rise, followed by a rapid rise to M $\sim -19.2$ in the $r$ and $g$ bands. The post-peak light-curve decline is well fit with an exponential decay with a timescale of $\sim 39$ days, but it shows prominent undulations, with an amplitude of $\sim 1$ mag. Both the light curve and spectra are dominated by an interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (CSM), probably from previous mass ejections. The spectra evolve from a scattering-dominated Type IIn spectrum to a spectrum with strong P-Cygni absorptions. The expansion velocity is high, $\sim 16,000$ km s$^{-1}$, even in the last spectra. The last spectrum $\sim 110$ days after the main eruption reveals no evidence for advanced nucleosynthesis. From analysis of the spectra and light curves, we estimate the mass-loss rate to be $\sim 4 \times 10^{-2}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ for a CSM velocity of 100 km s$^{-1}$, and a CSM mass of $\gtrsim 1$ M$_\odot$. We find strong similarities for both the precursor, general light curve, and spectral evolution with SN 2009ip and similar SNe, although SN 2019zrk displays a brighter peak magnitude. Different scenarios for the nature of the 09ip-class of SNe, based on pulsational pair instability eruptions, wave heating, and mergers, are discussed. }